气吹悬浮供种的气吸滚筒式排种器设计与实验

为解决辣椒等小颗粒、不规整种子机械化精量排种问题,设计了一种气吹悬浮供种的气吸滚筒式排种器。为此,阐述了气吹悬浮供种的气吸滚筒式排种器的工作原理,确定了各部件主要结构参数,并对种子吸附过程进行了力学分析。以新疆新选8819辣椒种子为试验对象,通过正交试验方法对影响排种器性能因素进行分析,得出影响排种器性能因素的主次顺序为气室压力、滚筒转速、吸种角度。当吸种角度为20°、种箱气室正压值为2kPa、滚筒转速为12r/min时,可获得单粒率为91.5%、多粒率为5.4%、漏播率为3.2%。经试验验证,样机满足辣椒育苗精量播种的种植要求。     

基于ICESat-GLAS的坡地最大树高估测模型比较研究

地形坡度对星载LiDAR(lightdetection and ranging)估测最大树高具有较大的影响。为了提高坡度条件下树高的反演精度,通过建立坡地条件下5种不同的最大树高估测模型,前3个模型分别使用不同DEM(digital elevation model)数据的地形指数来量化地形坡度的Xing模型,第4个模型使用波形参数-未改进边缘长度来量化地形坡度,第5个模型与第4个模型类似,用改进边缘长度来替换未改进边缘长度。结果可知,波形参数模型的精度要高于使用DEM数据的地形指数的Xing模型的精度,第5个模型的精度要高于第4个模型的精度。表明波形参数量化地形坡度的能力要优于DEM数据的地形指数,而改进边缘长度模型更适合估测坡地的最大树高。     

Airborne LiDAR-derived elevation data in terrain trafficability mapping

Heavy off-road traffic causes soil compaction and rutting, which can significantly reduce the yield of forest stands. Reliable information on terrain trafficability, that is, the ability of terrain to support the passage of vehicles, would enable significant enhancement of wood procurement planning and reduction of soil damage. The objective here was to determine the feasibility of airborne scanning light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-derived digital terrain models (DTM) in terrain trafficability mapping. Soil damage was inventoried from a total of 13?km of forwarding trails, and a logistic regression model was fitted for predicting the event of soil damage. DTM-derived soil wetness indices performed well as predictor variables, and DTM-derived local binary patterns also proved useful in terrain trafficability mapping. A prediction accuracy of 83.6% (Cohen’s kappa of 0.38) was observed for soil damage probability modelling, using only DTM-derived predictors, and a corresponding accuracy of 85.0% (kappa of 0.45) was achieved when an existing soil map was used as well. In addition to the topography-related features, soil stoniness proved to be a critical factor affecting soil resistance to rutting. Our results indicate that the utilisation of LiDAR-derived elevation data for terrain trafficability mapping is a feasible method in sustainable forest management.     

半阶梯式笼养蛋种鸡舍冬季日间空气污染物排放特征

蛋鸡舍空气颗粒物、空气微生物和氨气等污染物的排放不但影响场区生物安全,更会造成环境污染问题。该文采用直线多点均匀采样新型系统,对北京地区某半阶梯式笼养蛋种鸡舍冬季空气颗粒物、微生物和氨气3种污染物的日间排放进行监测和分析,研究半阶梯式笼养蛋种鸡舍冬季日间空气污染物排放特征。结果表明,该蛋种鸡舍试验期间舍内温度保持在18.0~20.0℃;间歇性通风条件下,风机的开启时长和舍外温度具有正相关关系(P0.05,R2=0.883 7);在冬季8:00-18:00期间,空气颗粒物的排放质量浓度为0.5~0.8 mg/m~3,每只鸡排放量为1.0~1.5 mg/h;空气微生物的排放浓度为4.0~4.5 log10CFU/m~3,每只鸡排放量为4.3~4.8 log10 CFU/h;氨气排放浓度为7.6~14.3 mg/m~3,每只鸡排放量为8.1~13.7 mg/h。试验期间,舍外温度低于舍内温度,试验鸡舍通风量及波动范围小,空气颗粒物、空气微生物和氨气的排放浓度、排放量与舍外温度、通风量、舍内相对湿度之间均未发现相关关系(P0.05)。该研究结果可为中国蛋鸡舍空气污染物排放特征提供参考。     

校园不同绿地冬春季空气微生物特征及影响要素研究

空气微生物浓度与人类健康和公共卫生安全息息相关。为探明绿地通过植被类型、垂直结构、环境因子和土壤微生物对空气微生物分布的影响,选择了8块具有典型植被特征的绿地,采用自然沉降法取样并观测空气微生物冬春季的分布情况。结果表明,校园不同绿地空气微生物浓度春季显著高于冬季。受季节、植物种类和垂直结构影响,不同绿地空气减菌作用彼此间显著差异,所有绿地均能有效抑制空气细菌,且在春季表现出更好的减菌效果,对空气真菌基本无抑制作用,针叶林和乔草结构分别为减菌作用最佳的植被类型和垂直结构。环境因素和绿地垂直结构与空气微生物浓度存在显著线性回归关系,空气细菌浓度受温度影响最大,空气真菌浓度受湿度影响最大。土壤细菌多样性和丰富度与空气细菌浓度显著正相关,土壤真菌多样性与空气真菌浓度显著负相关。     

Integration of LiDAR and QuickBird imagery for mapping riparian biophysical parameters and land cover types in Australian tropical savannas

Riparian zones are exposed to increasing pressures because of disturbance from agricultural and urban expansion and overgrazing. Accurate and cost-effective mapping of riparian environments is important for baseline inventories and monitoring and managing their functions associated with water quality, biodiversity, and wildlife habitats. In this study, we integrate remotely sensed light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data and high spatial resolution satellite imagery (QuickBird-2) to estimate riparian biophysical parameters and land cover types in the Fitzroy catchment in Queensland, Australia. An object based image analysis (OBIA) was adopted for the study. A digital terrain model (DTM), a tree canopy model (TCM) and a plant projective cover (PPC) map were first derived from the LiDAR data. A map of the streambed was then produced using the DTM information. Finally, all the LiDAR-derived biophysical map products and the QuickBird image bands were combined in an OBIA to (1) map the following land cover types: riparian vegetation, streambed, bare ground, woodlands and rangelands; (2) determine the distribution of overhang vegetation within the streambed; and (3) measure the width of both the riparian zone and the streambed. The combined use of both datasets allowed accurate land cover mapping, with an overall accuracy of 85.6%. The estimated widths of the riparian zone and the streambed showed strong correlation with the actual field measurements (r = 0.82 and 0.98 respectively). Our results show that the combined use of LiDAR and high spatial resolution imagery can potentially be used for the assessment of the riparian condition in a tropical savanna woodland riparian environment. This work also shows the capacity of OBIA to assist in the assessment of the composition of the riparian environment from multiple image datasets.     

笼养肉鸡舍内气载微生物数量变化的检测

为了解不同笼养肉鸡舍内气载微生物浓度的变化规律,采用FA-1型六级筛孔撞击式空气微生物采样器分别对3个笼养肉鸡场鸡舍环境中气载需氧菌、气载大肠埃希菌、气载金黄色葡萄球菌、气载真菌气溶胶的浓度进行了检测。结果表明,整个养殖周期中鸡舍内气载需氧菌、气载大肠埃希菌和气载金黄色葡萄球菌浓度在鸡14日龄时最高,然后开始下降;气载需氧菌、气载大肠埃希菌和气载金黄色葡萄球菌浓度与通风条件、空舍期消毒模式、粪便清理方式等因素有关;3个鸡舍舍内气载真菌在空舍期消毒后均未检出,随着鸡日龄增长开始递增。论文为笼养鸡舍生物安全技术规程的制定奠定了基础。     

机载通信导航设备综合自动测试系统的设计

针对飞机机载通信导航设备维修保障存在的问题,介绍了机载通信导航设备综合测试系统的硬件组成,提出了"类ATLAS语言"的设计思想,给出了具体的实现方法。使用效果表明:系统操作简单,检测精度高,取得了较好的经济效益。     

气载细菌内毒素的国内外研究现状

本文简单介绍了气载细菌内毒素的形成及生物学作用,并从人的生活环境及动物舍环境两方面介绍了国内外对气载内毒素的研究现状,使得人们对气载内毒素有一个初步认识,便于更好的控制环境、改善环境质量。     

兔舍中气载内毒素的测定

本试验采用ANDERSEN-6级和AGI-30(AGI=All Glass Impinger)空气微生物样品收集器分别对三个不同兔场环境中气载内毒素及革兰氏阴性菌含量进行了测定,并对二者在数量上的关系进行了探讨。此外,还对兔舍内环境中气载内毒素和气载革兰氏阴性菌的来源进行了初步分析。结果表明,兔舍内气载内毒素含量介于22~774 EU/m3空气之间;气载需氧革兰氏阴性菌含量在0.39~10.3×102CFU/m3之间,没有检测出专性厌氧的革兰氏阴性活菌。在三个兔场中,革兰氏阴性菌含量与内毒素含量之间存在弱的正相关(rA=0.23;rB=0.29;rC=0.24),所以不能通过测定气载革兰氏阴性细菌含量来估计气载内毒素的含量。通过对气载内毒素来源的分析,可以推测饲料和粪便可能是其主要的来源。